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9)Republic Day 2019: 'Nari shakti', military might on present at parade

India Republic Day -- Nowadays, India celebrated its 70th Republic Day. The special event began wi th the ceremonial parade at Rajpath, amid small security in Delhi. Perfect Minister Narendra Modi paid for his tributes to the martyrs by laying a wreath at Amar Jawan Jyoti in the presence of Support Minister Nirmala Sitharaman along with the three service chiefs. Custom made guest of this Republic Morning was South African Leader Cyril Ramaphosa. At the unfurling of the tricolour, the band played the national anthem with a 21-gun salute let go in the background. Many senior management, including Home Minister Rajnath Singh and External Extramarital affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj, and former prime ministers Manmohan Singh and Deve Gowda, Congress leaders Rahul Gandhi and Ghulam Nabi Azad and Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal were the present on the occasion. The overall theme for the Republic Morning celebrations this year is the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi and tableau
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Tooth whitening

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Tooth whitening or tooth bleaching is the process of lightning the color of human teeth. Whitening is often desirable when teeth become yellowed over time for a number of reasons, and can be achieved by changing the intrinsic or extrinsic color of the tooth enamel. The chemical degradation of the chromogens within or on the tooth is termed as bleaching. Hydrogen peroxide ( H 2 O 2 ) is the active ingredient most commonly used in whitening products and is delivered as either hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is analogous to carbamide peroxide as it is released when the stable complex is in contact with water. When it diffuses into the tooth, hydrogen peroxide acts as an oxidising agent that breaks down to produce unstable free radicals. In the spaces between the inorganic salts in tooth enamel, these unstable free radicals attach to organic pigment molecules resulting in small, less heavily pigmented components. Reflecting less light, these smaller molecules c
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Natural shade

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The perception of tooth colour is multi-factorial. Reflection and absorption of light by the tooth can be influenced by a number of factors including specular transmission of light through the tooth; specular reflection at the surface; diffuse light reflection at the surface; absorption and scattering of light within the dental tissues; enamel mineral content; enamel thickness; dentine colour, the human observer, the fatigue of the eye, the type of incident light, and the presence of extrinsic and intrinsic stains. Additionally, the perceived brightness of the tooth can change depending on the brightness and colour of the background. The combination of intrinsic colour and the presence of extrinsic stains on the tooth surface influence the colour and thus the overall appearance of teeth. The scattering of light and absorption within enamel and dentine determine the intrinsic colour of teeth and because the enamel is relatively translucent, the dentinal properties can play a major role
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Staining and discolouration

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Tooth discolouration and staining is primarily due to two sources of stain: intrinsic and extrinsic (see Figure 2). In essence, tooth whitening primarily targets those intrinsic stains in which cannot be removed through mechanics such as a debridement (clean) or prophylaxis, in the dental office. Below explains in-depth the differences between the two sources of which contribute to such discolouration of the tooth's surface. Extrinsic staining edit Extrinsic staining, is largely due to environmental factors including smoking, pigments in beverages and foods, antibiotics, and metals such as iron or copper. Coloured compounds from these sources are adsorbed into acquired dental pellicle or directly onto the surface of the tooth causing a stain to appear. Dental plaque: Dental plaque is a clear biofilm of bacteria that naturally forms in the mouth, particularly along the gumline, and it occurs due to the normal development and defences of the immune system. Although usually virtuall
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Methods

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Prior to proceeding to tooth whitening alternatives, it is advised that the patient comes into the dental office to have a comprehensive oral examination that consists of a full medical, dental, and social history. This will allow the clinician to see if there is any treatment that needs to be done such as restorations to remove caries, and to assess whether or not the patient will be a good candidate to have the whitening done. The clinician would then debride (clean) the tooth surface with an ultrasonic scaler, hand instruments, and potentially a prophy paste to remove extrinsic stains as mentioned above. This will allow a clean surface for maximum benefits of whichever tooth whitening method the patient chooses. Below will discuss the various types of tooth whitening methods including both internal application of bleaching and external application through the use of bleaching agents. In-office edit Before the treatment, the clinician should examine the patient: taking a health and d
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Indications

Tooth whitening may be undertaken for a variety of reasons, but whitening may also be recommended to some individuals by dental professionals. Intrinsic tooth staining Aesthetics Dental fluorosis Endodontic treatment (internal bleaching) Tetracycline staining
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Contraindications

Some groups are advised to carry out tooth whitening with caution as they may be at higher risk of adverse effects. Patients with unrealistic expectations Allergy to peroxide Pre-existing sensitive teeth Cracks or exposed dentine Enamel development defects Acid erosion Receding gums (gingival recession) and yellow roots Sensitive gums Defective dental restorations Tooth decay. White-spot decalcification may be highlighted and become more noticeable directly following a whitening process, but with further applications the other parts of the teeth usually become more white and the spots less noticeable. Active periapical pathology Untreated periodontal disease Pregnant or lactating women Children under the age of 16. This is because the pulp chamber, or nerve of the tooth, is enlarged until this age. Tooth whitening under this condition could irritate the pulp or cause it to become sensitive. Younger people are also more susceptible to abusing bleaching. Persons with visibl
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